Engineering Physics
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Course Title: Engineering Physics
Course No: ENSH 102
Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab
Semester: 1
Full Marks: 40 + 60 + 25
Pass Marks: 16 + 24 + 10
Credit Hours: 4
Course Objectives
Course Contents
1. Oscillation
6 hrs
1.1. Physical pendulum
- Bar pendulum
- Interchangeability of point of suspension and point of oscillation
- Minimum time period in case of physical pendulum
- Torsion pendulum
1.2. Damped and forced oscillation
- Damped harmonic oscillator
- Difference between free and damped oscillator
- Energy in damped oscillation
- Relaxation time
- Forced oscillation and resonance
- Sharpness of resonance
- Quality factor
2. Acoustics
3 hrs
2.1. Introduction
- Threshold of hearing and loudness
- Reverberation and reverberation time
- Absorption coefficient
- Sabine's law
- Conditions for good acoustics
2.2. Ultrasound
- Production (Piezoelectric) of ultrasound and its applications
- Test of structure and materials
- Medical uses
3.1. Quantity of heat
- Calorific value of foods and fuels
- Bomb calorimeter
- Specific heat of solid: Dulong-Petit law, Einstein's law
3.2. Nature of heat
- Degree of freedom
- Maxwell's law of equipartition of energy
- Atomicity of gases
- Vander-Waal's equation of real gases
- Critical constants
3.3. Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics
- Clapeyron latent heat equation
- Entropy and Third law of thermodynamics
- Negative energy
- Maxwell's thermodynamic relations
- Gibb's free energy and phase transitions
3.4. Heat and mass transfer
- Fourier's law of thermal conductivity
- Use of thermal conductivity in building sciences
- Thermal resistance
- Types of convection
- Law of diffusion
- Relation between Stefan's law and Newton's law of Cooling
- Pyrheliometer and Pyrometer
4. Optics
17 hrs
4.1. Geometrical optics
- Lens separation
- Chromatism in lens combination
4.2. Interference
- Interference in thin films (Reflected and transmitted light)
- Fringes produced by a wedge-shaped thin film
- Newton's rings (Both reflected and transmitted case)
- Determination of wavelength of light and refractive index of liquid by using Newton's rings.
4.3. Diffraction
- Introduction: Fresnel and Fraunhoffer's diffraction
- Fraunhoffer's diffraction at single slit
- Intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern due to a single slit
- Multiple slits, diffraction grating
- X-ray diffraction, X-rays in material testing
4.4. Polarization
- Introduction: double refraction, Nichol prism (Construction and uses)
- Retardation plate (Quarter and half wave plates), plane, elliptical and circular polarized light (Theoretical and mathematical explanation)
- Optical activity, specific rotation
4.5. Laser
- Introduction: Laser and ordinary light, properties of laser
- Induced absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission, active medium, population inversion, metastable state
- Pumping (Types: Optical, electrical, chemical and thermal)
- He-Ne laser, semiconductor laser
- Uses of laser
4.6. Fiber optics
- Introduction: Propagation of light wave
- Types of optical fiber: Step index and graded index
- Fiber transmission- Single and multimode, self-focusing, acceptance angle and numerical aperture
- Applications
5. Electrostatics
8 hrs
5.1. Electric field
- Electric field due to an electric dipole (Along axial line and equatorial line)
- Electric dipole in an external electric field
- Electric field due to linear electric quadrupole (Along axial line)
- Electric field: A ring of charge, circular ring and disc of charge
5.2. Electric potential
- Potential due to electric dipole
- Potential due to linear quadrupole
- potential due to continuous charge distribution, potential due to ring of charge and disc of charge
5.3. Capacitors
- Cylindrical capacitor
- Charging and discharging of capacitor
- Capacitor with dielectrics: dielectrics and Gauss law
- High intensity electrostatic fields: Uses and hazards (Xerography, inkjet, precipitation)
6. Electromagnetism
6 hrs
6.1. Electromagnetic induction
- Faraday's laws
- Induction and energy transformation
- Induced electric field
- Self-induction and mutual induction
- LR circuit
- Energy stored in a magnetic field and energy density
- Induced magnetic field: Modified Ampere's law and displacement current
6.2. Eddy current
- Introduction
- Applications: Induction cooker, electric guitar, metal detector and Eddy current breaking
- Cyclotron and Synchrotron
7.1. Maxwell's equations
- Differential and integral forms
- Conversion of Maxwell's equations from integral form to differential form and differential form to integral form
- Maxwell's equations in different media
7.2. Applications
- Wave equations: Non conducting and conducting medium and free space
- Plane solution of wave equations, amplitude of electromagnetic waves, speed of electromagnetic waves, ratio of electric and magnetic fields
- Continuity equation
- Energy transfer and Poynting vector, radiation pressure
8.1. Quantum physics
- Inadequacy of classical mechanics and rise of quantum mechanics, quantization of energy
- Group velocity and phase velocity, electrons and matter waves
- de-Broglie wavelength, its applications
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle and its applications
- Wave functions and its significance
8.2. Schrodinger wave equation
- Time dependent and independent equation
- Probability distribution
- One dimensional infinite potential well, particle in a box
- Barrier tunneling (Reflection and transmission coefficient)
Laboratory Works
- 1.Bar Pendulum
- 2.Torsional Pendulum
- 3.Thermal Conductivity
- 4.Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
- 5.Newton's Rings - Wavelength
- 6.Wedge-Shaped Method - Wavelength
- 7.LASER Diffraction Grating
- 8.Focal Length of Separated Lenses
- 9.Chromatic Aberration
- 10.Capacitance by Charging and Discharging
- 11.LCR Series Circuit
- 12.LR Circuit
- 13.Dielectric Constant
Reference Books
- 1.Halliday, D., Resnick, R., Walker, J. (2021). Fundamentals of physics. John Wiley & Sons.
- 2.Pokharel, B., Bhattarai, B.K., Paudel, M.D. (2023). Fundamentals of engineering physics. Benchmark Education Support.
- 3.Brij Lal, Subrahmanyam, N. (2012). A text book of optics. S. Chand Publishing.
- 4.Vasudeva, A.S. (2010). Modern engineering physics. S. Chand Publishing.
- 5.Caur, R.K., Gupta, S.L. (2012). Engineering physics. Dhanpat Rai Publications.
- 6.Brij Lal, Subrahmanyam, N. (2011). Waves and oscillations. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
- 7.Brij Lal, Subrahmanyam, N. (2012). Heat, thermodynamics and statistical physics. S. Chand Publishing.
- 8.Avadhanulu, M.N., Kshirsagar, P.G., Murthy, T.V.S.A. (2018). A textbook of engineering physics. S. Chand Publishing.