Operating System

Course Title: Operating System

Course No: ENCT 254

Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab

Semester: 4

Full Marks: 40 + 60 + 25

Pass Marks: 16 + 24 + 10

Credit Hours: 3

Course Description

This course familiarizes students with the different aspects of operating systems and encourages them to use these ideas in designing operating systems.

Course Objectives

To familiarize students with the different aspects of operating systems and encourage them to use these ideas in designing operating systems.

Course Contents

1. Introduction

6 hrs

1.1. Introduction to operating systems

1.2. OS as an extended machine and resource manager

1.3. History of operating system

1.4. Type of operating system: Mainframe, server, personal, smartphone and handheld, IOT and embedded, real-time, smart-card

1.5. Operating system components: Kernel, shell, utilities, applications

1.6. Types of OS kernel: Monolithic, micro, nano, layered, hybrid, exo-kernel

1.7. System calls, shell commands, shell programming

1.8. POSIX standard

1.9. Bootloader, MBR/GPT, UEFI and legacy boot

2. Process Management

7 hrs

2.1. Process description, states and control

2.2. Scheduling algorithms

First Come First Serve (FCFS)

Shortest Job First (SJF)

Shortest Remaining Time (SRT)

Round Robin (RR)

Highest Response Ratio Next (HRNN)

Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) used in Linux

2.3. Threads and thread scheduling

3. Process Communication and Synchronization

10 hrs

3.1. Principles of concurrency, race condition, critical region

3.2. Mutual exclusion, semaphores, and mutex

3.3. Message passing and monitors

3.4. Classical problems of synchronization: Readers-writers problem, producer-consumer problem, dining philosopher problem

3.5. Deadlock: Prevention, ignorance, avoidance, detection and recovery

4. I/O and Memory Management

9 hrs

4.1. I/O management

Principles of I/O hardware and software

I/O software layer

Disk technologies: Magnetic disk, SSD, NVMe storage

RAID

Concept of stable storage, cost per bit comparison

4.2. Memory Management

Memory address, swapping and managing free memory space

Virtual memory management, paging, segmentation

Page replacement algorithms (FIFO, LRU, LFU), page fault and hit ratio

Allocation of frames

Thrashing

5. File Systems

3 hrs

5.1. File concepts: Name, structure, types, access, attributes, operations

5.2. Directory structures: Paths and hierarchies (Linux/Windows)

5.3. File system implementation: Inodes, allocation methods (Contiguous, linked, indexed)

5.4. File system performance: Factors affecting efficiency

5.5. Example file systems: NTFS, EXT4, FAT32, NFS

6. Security and System Administration

3 hrs

6.1. OS security: Cryptography, multi-factor authentication (MFA), secure boot and sandboxing

6.2. Access control: Policies, lists, and OS support

6.3. System administration: User management, environment setup and tools (AWK, shell scripts, make)

7. Hypervisors and Virtual Systems

4 hrs

7.1. Hypervisors: Type 1 and type 2

7.2. Virtual machines: Creating virtual machine in Qemu/Virtual box/VMWare

7.3. Container virtualization: Docker and Kubernetes

7.4. Power shell and windows subsystem for LINUX (WSL)

7.5. Performance optimization and security in virtualized environments

8. Overview of Contemporary OS

3 hrs

8.1. Windows and Linux-based OS

8.2. Embedded and mobile OS

8.3. IoT and RT operating system

8.4. Robot and smart card operating system

Laboratory Works

Practical sessions covering basic Unix commands, shell programming, implementation of Unix commands, I/O system calls, scheduling algorithms, producer-consumer problem using semaphores, memory management schemes, and a term project.

1.Basic Unix commands
2.Shell Programming
3.Implementation of the ls and grep commands
4.Programs using the I/O system calls of the UNIX operating system
5.Implementation of scheduling algorithms and the producer-consumer problem using semaphores
6.Implementation of some memory management schemes such as paging and segmentation
7.Term Project

Reference Books

1.Tanenbaum, A.S., Bos, H. (2024). Modern Operating Systems. 3rd Edition. PHI.
2.Stalling, W. (2008). Operating Systems. 6th Edition. Pearson Education.
3.Chaturvedi, A., Rai, B.L. (2017). UNIX and Shell Programming. University Science Press.

Notes:

This syllabus follows the official BCE curriculum of Tribhuwan University. In case of any doubt or revision, the university's published syllabus shall be considered authoritative. https://ioe.tu.edu.np/pages/computer-engineering-curriculum-structure-2635

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